The ancient Maya civilization, which thrived in present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras, remains one of the most fascinating yet mysterious societies in history. At its peak between 250 and 900 CE, the Maya built vast cities, developed an advanced writing system, and made significant astronomical discoveries. However, despite their achievements, the civilization declined abruptly, and by the time European explorers arrived in the 16th century, many of their cities had been abandoned. The reasons behind this sudden collapse continue to be debated by historians and archaeologists. One of the leading theories suggests that environmental factors played a crucial role in the downfall of the Maya. Studies of sediment samples from lakes in the region indicate that a prolonged drought may have occurred during the 9th and 10th centuries. Without sufficient rainfall, the Maya’s agricultural system, which relied heavily on maize, beans, and squash, may have been unable to support the growing population. Additionally, deforestation caused by large-scale construction and farming could have worsened soil erosion, making it even harder to sustain crops. Another possible explanation is political and social instability. As cities expanded, competition for resources intensified, leading to conflicts among different city-states. Evidence from archaeological sites suggests that many urban centers were fortified with defensive structures, indicating a period of prolonged warfare. Internal struggles among the ruling elite may have further weakened the society, causing disruptions in leadership and governance. As a result, some communities may have chosen to abandon their cities in search of more stable living conditions. In addition to environmental and political challenges, economic factors could have contributed to the civilization’s decline. The Maya relied on a complex trade network that connected different regions, allowing them to exchange goods such as jade, obsidian, and cacao. However, if these trade routes were disrupted due to warfare or environmental changes, access to essential materials would have become difficult. A breakdown in trade could have led to economic hardships, making it harder for cities to sustain their populations. Despite the collapse of many urban centers, the Maya people did not disappear entirely. Descendants of the ancient Maya still live in the region today, preserving aspects of their ancestors' language, traditions, and cultural practices. Modern scholars continue to analyze historical records, inscriptions, and archaeological findings to better understand the complex factors that led to the decline of this once-great civilization. The case of the Maya serves as a reminder of how environmental changes, political conflicts, and economic disruptions can influence the fate of civilizations. Their history continues to captivate researchers and offers valuable lessons about the importance of sustainable resource management and political stability in any society.