Private Sector and Urbanization: Proper urban planning becomes an important issue for India as it is urbanizing fast. Given the Government push to the Smart City scheme, it will be needful to tap the potential of every possible candidate in this regard. One of such candidate is the private sector. There are few examples where we find the sector able to develop praiseworthy townships in certain areas beating the public sector also though they have their own limitations, too. Two such cases have been cited by the Economic Survey 2016-17 (quoting case studies). PPP Models: Managing adequate amount of fund for infrastructure development has been always a challenge for India. In reform era, the government evolved the idea of public private partnership (PPP) for the sector aimed at attracting investments from the private sector (domestic as well as foreign). We see an encouraging contributions coming from the private sector in this regard also. But by 2013-14, the PPPs started getting unattractive for the private sector primarily caused by the in-built flaws in the PPP models together with regulatory reasons - although external reasons have been also there (slowdown in the country's economy due to recession among the western economies). BOT-ANNUITY: This was an improvement over the BOT-TOLL model aimed at reversing the declining interest of the private companies towards road projects by manly reducing the risk for the private players. Other than sharing the project cost the private player was to build, maintain and operate the road projects without any responsibility of collecting toll on the traffic. The private players were offered a fixed amount of money annually (called 'annuity') as compensation the party bidding for the minimum "annuity" used to get the project. EPC MODEL: The PPP model which was seen to be a better way out to promote the infra projects were visibly failing by the year 2010 and Government was unable to attract the private players towards the road sector. It was in this backdrop that the (EPC) Model was announced. In this model, project cost was fully covered by the Government (it means, it was not a PPP model and was like normal contracts given to the bidders) together with majority of the risks land acquisition, cost over-runs due to delay, inflation and commercial. HAM: Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) is a mix of EPC and BOT ANNUITY models. In this model the project cost is shared by the government and the private player in ratio of 40:60, respectively. Private player is paid a fixed sum of economic compensation (called 'annuity', similar to the BOT-ANNUITY model of past) by the government for a fixed tenure (normally 15 years, though it is flexible). The private player which demands lowest annuity (in bidding) gets the contract. Swiss Challenge Model: Government of India, for the first time, announced the use of this model for redevelopment of railway stations in the country (by late 2015). This is a very flexible method of giving contracts (i.e., public procurement) which can be used in PPP as well as non-PPP projects.