11) Chemistry Short Answer Identify all of the following three types of chemical bonds that can be formed by two atomic p-orbitals: 1) Sigma bond; 2) Pi [pie] bond; 3) Delta bond. ANSWER: 1 AND 2 (ACCEPT: SIGMA AND PI BONDS) BONUS 11) Chemistry Short Answer Identify the central atom hybridization states of the following three molecules: 1) Phosphorous trichloride; 2) Iodine pentafluoride; 3) Formaldehyde. ANSWER: 1) sp3; 2) d2sp3 (ACCEPT: sp3d2); 3) sp2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 12) Biology Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is true of root hairs? W) They increase the surface area of the root for absorption of water X) They are located in each stomate on the root Y) They are found on both stems and roots Z) They are involved in mechanical stabilization of the plant ANSWER: W) THEY INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA OF THE ROOT FOR ABSORPTION OF WATER BONUS 12) Biology Short Answer To what phylum [FYE-lum] do snails belong? ANSWER: MOLLUSCA 2017 Regional High School NSB ® PAGE 7 TOSS-UP 13) Earth and Space Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true regarding white dwarfs? W) They shrink in radius as they get cooler X) They do not perform nuclear fusion Y) Their mass is mostly composed of carbon and oxygen Z) They can have atmospheres of helium ANSWER: W) They shrink in radius as they get cooler BONUS 13) Earth and Space Multiple Choice The Herschels proposed a model of the Milky Way that suggested that our solar system was near the center. Which of the following did they not account for in their model? W) The Sun's brightness only enables us to see a limited distance into the Milky Way X) Their telescopes were not powerful enough to see the edge of the Milky Way Y) Interstellar dust obscures much of the Milky Way from our vantage point Z) Their sampling of stars was biased in one direction ANSWER: Y) INTERSTELLAR DUST OBSCURES MUCH OF THE MILKY WAY FROM OUR VANTAGE POINT ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 14) Chemistry Multiple Choice According to Lewis theory, which of the following conditions would most accelerate an acid-base reaction? W) An elevated HOMO [HO-mo] and a depressed LUMO [LOO-mo] X) An elevated HOMO and an elevated LUMO Y) A depressed HOMO and an elevated LUMO Z) A depressed HOMO and a depressed LUMO ANSWER: W) AN ELEVATED HOMO AND A DEPRESSED LUMO BONUS 14) Chemistry Short Answer Consider the reaction of 1 mole of nitrogen gas and 1 mole of oxygen gas to generate 2 moles of NO gas. In air at 20 degrees Celsius, the equilibrium abundance of NO is about one part in 10 16 . To one significant figure and in scientific notation, what is the equilibrium constant of this reaction? ANSWER: 6 TIMES 10 -32 2017 Regional High School NSB ® PAGE 8 TOSS-UP 15) Energy Short Answer Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab are currently using statistical methods to determine the destiny of every cell in the Drosophila [droh-SAWF-il-ah] zygote [ZYE-goat] as it becomes an adult, as has been previously done for C. elegans. What is the term for this methodology? ANSWER: FATE MAPPING (ACCEPT: CELL LINEAGE TRACING) BONUS 15) Energy Short Answer While most US bioethanol is produced from corn, most US biodiesel is produced from what crop? ANSWER: SOY (ACCEPT: SOYBEANS) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 16) Biology Short Answer What human organ produces fibrinogen [fye-BRIN-oh-jen]? ANSWER: LIVER BONUS 16) Biology Multiple Choice In humans, the suprachiasmatic nucleus or "biological clock" is located in which of the following parts of the brain? W) Pineal [PIN-ee-ul] gland X) Hypothalamus [high-poh-THAL-ah-mus] Y) Cerebral [seh-REE-brul] cortex Z) Cerebellum [sarah-BELL-um] ANSWER: X) HYPOTHALAMUS 2017 Regional High School NSB ® PAGE 9 TOSS-UP 17) Physics Multiple Choice Which of the following is not a logical corollary to special relativity? W) Time dilation X) Relativity of simultaneity Y) Curvature of spacetime Z) Length contraction ANSWER: Y) CURVATURE OF SPACETIME BONUS 17) Physics Short Answer What effect describes the inelastic scattering of photons by free charged particles? ANSWER: COMPTON EFFECT